Seasonal Variation of Heavy Metals in Sediments, Water, Shiny Nose Fish, Shrimp, and Periwinkle in Esuk Ekpo Eyo Beach, Akpabuyo, South-East Nigeria
Abstract
The seasonal variations of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe, Hg, and Zn) in sediments, water samples, and shiny nose fish (Polydactylus quadrifilis), shrimp (Parapenaeopsis atlantica) and periwinkle (Tympanostonus fuscatus) of Esuk Ekpo Eyo Beach, Akpabuyo, Cross River State, South East Nigeria were investigated using AAS spectrophotometer. The mean concentrations (mg/l) of Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, Fe, and Ni in sediments for the dry and wet seasons were 1.0040.658 mg/l, and 0.5460.406 mg/l for Cr, 0.462000.071 mg/l and 0.0200.010 mg/l for Cu, 0.3440.01594 mg/l and 0.02850.0062 mg/l for Pb, 0.019170.01693 mg/l and 0.021330.01089 mg/l for Cd, 0.17520.0112mg/l and 0.15030.1216mg/l for Ni, 64.003.964 mg/l and 39.914.187 mg/l for Fe. TThe concentrations (mg/l) for Cr in shiny nose fish, Fe in shrimp, and Cd in periwinkle for the dry and wet seasons were 0.0190.007 mg/l and 0.036 0.001 mg/l for Cr, 0.3270.001 mg/l and 0.7400.001 mg/l for Fe, 0.0210.007 and 0.0090.004 for Cd in periwinkle. The estimated daily intake of these metals in fish, shrimp, and periwinkle analyzed using the estimated daily intake formula were all below the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) recommended daily intake limits. Physicochemical analysis was carried out to determine the values of pH, TOC, TOM, silt, clay, and sand for sediments, also pH, turbidity, TDS, TSS, EC, and salinity for water samples. The pollution load index calculated for sediment showed moderately severe enrichment for the dry season and minor enrichment for the wet season while the modified degree of contamination of the geo-accumulation index in the sediments was less than 1.5, hence no contamination. The results of Pearson’s correlation matrix showed that significant correlations were observed among variables at 0.05 levels.
Downloads
References
Kang, H. K, Johnson, G, Kim, I. S & Lee E. J. (2003), Investigation of heavy metal accumulation in polygonum thunbergii for phytoextraction. Journal of Environmental Pollution, 126, 235-243
Barlas, C., Giannadaki, D, & Pozzer, A. (2013). Model calculated global, regional and megacity premature mortality due to air pollution. Journal of Atmospheric chemistry and Physics, 13, 7023-7037.
Yang, T, Qingsheng. L., Chan, S. L. & Zhendong, L. (2007). Magnetic signature of heavy metals pollution of sediment: case study from the East Lake in Wuhan, China. Journal of environmental geology, 52, 1639-1650.
Suresh, G., Ramasamy, V. & Ponnusamy, V. (2011). Horizontal and vertical characterization of radionuclides and minerals in sediments. Journal of applied radiochemistry, 69, 184-195.
Duffus, .J. (2002). Heavy Metals” a meaningless term? (IUPAC Technical Report). Journal of applied Chemistry, 74, 793-807.
Finch, C, (2015). Air pollution nano-particulate matter. Michigan. Michigan University press.
Harvey, E. P, Michael, O. G. & William, H. D. (2001). Flame retardants; persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges. Nature, 412 (6843), 140.
Halsband, C., Matthew, C., Lindeque, P.,& Galloway, T. S, (2011). Microplastics as contaminants in the marine Environment. Journal of marine pollution bulletin, 62, 2588-2597
Irabien, M. .J. & Velasco, F. (1999). Heavy Metals in the oka river (Urdabai National Biosphere Reserve, Northern Spain). Lithogenic and anthropogenic effects. Journal of Environmental Geology, 37, 54-63.
Arikpo, G. E., Eja M. E., & Ogri O. R. (2003). Bioconcentration of Heavy Metals in surface sediments from the Great Kwa River Estuary Calabar, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Nigerian Environmental Science, 12, 247-256.
Darrin-Lew, M. (2015). phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution in soils. California,
Hartwig, A. (1998). Carcinogenicity of Metal compounds; Possible role of DNA repair inhibition. Journal of Toxicology Bulletin, 103, 235-239.
Azemard, .C., Menager, .M., & Vieillescazes, .C. (2016). Analysis of diterpenic compounds by GC-MS/MS: contribution to the identification of main conifer resins. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 408, 1001-1007.
Ahmed, M. K, Baki M. A, Islam M. S., Kundu G. K, & Hossain M. M (2015). Human Health risk assessment of Heavy Metals in tropical fish and shell fish collected from the river Buriganga Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution, 15 (1), 23-28
Wang, X., Mauzerall, D. L., Hu, Y. T., Russell, A., & Guenther, A. B. (2005). A high resolution emission inventory for eastern china in 2000 and three scenarios for 2020. Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 39, 5917-5933.
Keshav, K. A., Rama, M. K & Murth, N. N. (2010). A Multivariate statistical Approach for monitoring of heavy metals in sediments: A case study from Wailpalli watershed, Nalgonda District. Journal of Earth science, 3(2), 103-113.
Mayer, .A. & Helmut, .G. (1999). Air Pollution in Cities. Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 33, 4029-4037
Davies, O. A., Allison, M. E. & Uyi, H. S. (2005). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water, sediment and periwinkle (Tympanostonus fuscatus var radula) from the Elechi Creek, Niger Delta. African Journal of Biotechnology, 968-973.
Hart, J. E., Dockery, D.W. & Smith, T. J. (2005). Long term ambient multi-pollutant exposure and mortality. Journal of respiratory critical care medicine, 183,73-78.
Hakanson, .L. (1980). Ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Journal of water research, 14 (5), 975-1001
Abrahim, .G..M. & Parker, R.J.,(2007). Assessment of heavy Metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from tanaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Journal of Environmental Monitoring Assessment., 136, 227-238.
Luoma, S. N. (1990). Processes affecting Metal Concentrations in Estuarine and Coastal Marine Sediments. Accra, University press.
Young, T. C. & Blevins, R. D. (1981). Metal Concentration in Muscle of Fish from aquatic systems in East Tennessee, U.S.A. Journal of Water, Air, Soil Pollution; 29, 361-371.
Chindah, A. C., Braide, S. A. & Sibeudu, O. C. (2004). Distribution of hydrocarbons and heavy metals in sediment and a crustacean shrimps Penaeus notialis from the Bonny/New Calabar River Estuary. Journal of Environmental chemical sciences, 3 (6), 1241-1249.
Sibeudu, O. E., & Chindah, A. C. (2003). Levels of hydrocarbon and heavy metals in sediment and a decapod crustacean (Crab) in the bonny/new Calabar River Estuary, Niger Delta. Journal of Environmental science, 13 (4), 231-242.
Sadiq, M. (1992). Toxic Metal Chemistry in marine environments, New York, New York University press.
UNESCO, (1993). Study of the relationship between water quality and sediment transport. A contribution to the international hydrology programme. Paris, France. Harper press.
Monahan, K., Allen, G., & Dockery, D.W. (2000). Air Pollution and Incidencies of Cardiac arrhythmia, Epidemology, 11(1), 11-17.
Barnes, B. A., Mathee, .L., Shafritz, L.,& Kriegar, M.(1998). Testing selected Behaviours to reduce indoor Air Pollution Exposure in Young Children. Health Education Research, 19, 543-550.
Elder, J. F. (1988). Metal biogeochemical in surface water systems- A review of principles and concepts. U.S geological survey circular, 1013-1017.
Topouoglu, S. C., Kirbasoglu, C. & Gungor, A. (2002). Heavy metals in organisms and sediments from Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Istanbul. Academic press.
Robbins, G.,Thomas, N. & Batterman, J. (2003). Ambient pollution and respiratory outcomes among schoolchildren in Durban, South Africa. South African Journal of Child Health, 7, 127-134.
WHO, (2011). Guidelines for drinking water quality 4th edition. Baltimore. University press.
NSDWQ, (2007). Nigerian Industrial Standards for drinking water quality NIS 554, Lagos. Academic press.
Horsfall, M. J. & Spiff A.I. (2001). Principles of Environmental Chemistry (with physical, Chemical and biological emphasis). PortHarcourt, Metroprints.
Chiffoleau, J. F., Krepiel M. L. & Martin, J.M. (1997). Geochemistry of Trace Metals in the Gironde Estuary, 1421-1436.
Burgmann, .M., Carr, .A., Lee, .G., & Robin, .G. (2011). Redefining Expertise and Improving Ecological Judgment. Boston, Harvard press.
FAO/WHO, (2011). Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 233-255 (WHO Food Additives Series).
JECFA (2009) Evaluation of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives, Geneva, Academic press.
Tomlinson, D. C., Wilson, J. G., Harris, C. R. & Jeffrey, D. W. (1980). Problems in the assessment of heavy metals levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Journal of applied chemical sciences, 6(27), 1273-1285.
Sarva, M. P., Ahmad, Z. A. & Miroslav, R. (2010). Heavy metals diagenesis and source in intertidal mangrove sediment of sabah, Borneo Island. Journal of Environment, 79, 83-89.
Bassey S. Okori and Akanimo N. Ekanem. (2022).Physicochemical, Spectroscopic and Bacteriological Analyses of Surface and Ground Water in Epenti-Ekori, Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State- Nigeria. J. Environ. Treat. Tech. Volume 10, Issue 1, Pages: 67-75. https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/10(1)75
Akanimo N. Ekanem, Godwin J. Udo and Bassey S. Okori. (2021).Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Water Around Automobile Repair Workshops within Eket Metropolis in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using GC-MS. J. Environ. Treat. Tech. Volume 9, Issue 4, Pages: 819-830. https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/9(4)830
Mebius, L. J. (1960). A rapid method for the determination of organic carbon in soil, 22, 120-124.
Kaiser, J. A., Micheal, R.B., Asefaw, B. & Asmeret, K.Q. (2014). “How does sonification affect the mineral and organic constituent of soil aggregates? Journal of Plant Nutrition and soil science, 177(4), 479-495
Bascomb, C. L.,(1974). Soil Survey Laboratory Methods. London. Oxford University press.
Banu, .Z. (2013). Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal in the Sediment of Turag River, Bangladesh: An Index Analysis Approach. Journal of Water Resources and Protection, 5, 239-248.
Ghrefat, H. & Yusuf, N. (2006). Assessing Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Cd pollution in bottom sediments of Wadi Al-Arab Dam, Jordan. Chemosphere., 65, 2114-2121
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
