Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies

Degradation of Pharmaceutical Contamination by Photocatalytic Methods

Zahra Liravi — 2023-03-20

Pharmaceutical wastewater generated from various industries contains toxic and hazardous compounds. The presence of these compounds in wastewater threatens the aquatic ecosystem and human beings. Therefore, it is essential to treat pharmaceutical wastewater before releasing it into the environment. Photocatalyst degradation is considered a green approach that can break down complicated organic pollutants completely, making it an excellent candidate for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. In this paper, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), their sources, classifications, types of photocatalysts, photocatalyst preparation methods, and the pros and cons of photocatalytic processes are discussed.

Fabrication of PVDF/Al Nanofibers via electrospinning and depositing CuO by sputtering method

Hossein Azimi — 2023-03-20

The metastable intermixed composites (MICs), as one of typical energetic materials (EMs), can store a large amount of chemical energy that are able to be released violently, which has been the motivation for their use in numerous military and industrial applications, such as propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics. The MICs are normally composed of a metal fuel (e.g. Al, Mg, or Ti) and an oxidizer (e.g. CuO, Fe₂O₃, PTFE, or PVDF), where CuO/Al could be the most widely concerned as the combination appears to yield exothermic metallic gas generation. In this study, the electrospinning technique has been employed to fabricate PVDF/Al nanofibers, then CuO Nanoparticles were deposited onto PVDF/Al nanoﬁber by r.f. (13.56 MHz) sputtering method. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) analysis of the reaction products revealed that PVDF/Al nanoﬁbers are coated with CuO nanoparticles. The thermal reaction properties of the CuO sputtered PVDF/Al nanoﬁbers were investigated by means of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA).

The role of Helicobacter pylori infectious bacteria in people's disease and its treatment

niko sedighi — 2023-03-20

Background and purpose: Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that can cause infection in the stomach and duodenum and also cause digestive problems and diseases such as stomach ulcers, stomach infections, gastritis and in severe cases even stomach cancer. About 50% of the world's population is infected with this microbe, and the rate of infection is the same in men and women. In Iran, the prevalence rate in the age group over 45 years is 75.6 and in the 19-45 years age group is 68%.

Research method: This research is a review article and based on library study and literature review, which were studied by studying the articles published in domestic and foreign journals regarding the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients. In order to access articles related to the subject of research from domestic and international databases such as IranMedex, IranDoc, Medline, Cochrane, Embase, SID, Medlib, Pubmed, Web of Sciences, Science Direct, Magiran without time limit until 1401 with The use of standard keywords were searched and then relevant information was extracted and evaluated.

Findings: In this review, 14 studies were examined and the findings show that Helicobacter pylori is the cause of most cases of stomach ulcers and causes the occurrence of some gastrointestinal cancers and is the most important cause of stomach cancer and MALT lymphoma. is also considered.

Conclusion: According to the results, stomach biopsy culture and determination of antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria have been proposed as the best treatment method for stomach microbe infection. Considering the complications caused by long-term and chronic Helicobacter pylori infection in people who have a history of stomach cancer in their family members, the infection of this bacterium is very dangerous and it is necessary to completely eradicate it in these people, and this issue is only through tissue sample culture Stomach can be done.

Recent advances in nano-biotechnology for breast cancer therapy

Fatemeh Madadi Atmian Sofla — 2022-12-20

One of the most common cancers in the world is breast cancer. The incidence of breast cancer has increased by more than 30% in the past 25 years, despite a significant decrease in fatality. On the other hand, due to the many advances in technology, even the best treatments for all types of cancer, including breast cancer, accessible today are not 100% efficacious. Therefore, many scientists are exploring new strategies based on nanotechnology to access more suitable options for breast cancer treatment and diagnosis. In recent years, to develop nanomaterials with unique properties many efforts have been made. several of these attributes are used to expand tools to diagnose and treat cancers, including breast cancer. Nano-biotechnology and nano-drug delivery systems to cancer cells are a new method with the capability to enhance the immune system to identify and annihilate cancer cells with high selectivity. As a promising treatment, nano-medicines can not only eliminate primary tumors but are also effective in preventing metastasis and recurrence. Although much advance has been made, significant challenges yet need to be addressed. The purpose of this article is to review recent studies on the clinical therapy of breast cancer and provide new concepts about nano-drug transfer systems for anti-breast cancer drugs. Also, we review the main areas of nano-biotechnology research.

NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

Mina Saliminasab — 2022-12-20

In medicine for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of diseases including oral cancer, nanobiotechnology has been used. Oral cancer is a life-threatening disease and numerous research has been done worldwide to overcome this condition. Nanotechnology is a new and diverse field that has revolutionized both industry and medicine. Using the nanobiotechnology, we can reduce the side effects and optimize the treatment outcome. In this mini-review, we presented some methods for diagnosis and treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Synthesis of advanced gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Farrokhfar Valizadeh Harzand — 2022-12-20

Gold nanoparticles are widely employed in drug delivery, diagnosis and therapy of illnesses. Carbon nanotubes, peptide nanostructures, liposomes and polymers are a few of the functionalized nanomaterials available. Recent improvements in synthetic techniques have enabled accurate control of the size, shape and surface chemistry of GNPs, rendering them a viable and safer option in cancer treatment and drug delivery. In light of the rapid progress in nanotechnology, numerous studies have been conducted on GNPs, and more are to follow. Hence, the intention of this review is to analyze the potential of the novel nanomaterials based on GNPs in biomedical applications like drug delivery and cancer therapy, in addition to their viability, characteristics and cytotoxicity.

Multifunctional Gold nanoparticle: as novel agents for cancer treatment

Masoomeh Yari Kalashgrani — 2022-09-20

One of the most important problems in the therapy of cancer is that along with cancer cells, healthy cells are destroyed, for example, in radiation therapy, the radiation site can be more limited; However, radiation also damages some healthy cells, causing severe side effects for patients, so in recent years a method that can only target cancer cells has become one of the forefront of cancer research. Gold nanoparticles are one of the best drug delivery ever known. These gold particles are very small (one hundredth the size of a red blood cell) and can cross the body's natural and physiological barriers or hard tissues. Gold nanoparticles in cancer cells not only make it easier to image cancer cells, but they can also kill cancerous tumors by heating them. For the direct growth of gold nanoparticles inside a cancerous tumor, polyethylene glycol is used as the carrier of gold ions, which is essentially gold salt that dissolves in a liquid. When this carrier reaches the cancer cell, the cellular-acidic microenvironment converts gold from ionic to plasmonic gold nanoparticles. Another feature is the potential usefulness of gold nanoparticles, which can absorb light and then release energy in the form of heat. This property can make nanoparticles an ideal tool for accurate cancer therapy. Because gold nanoparticles can be purposefully inserted into cancer cells and then exposed to light, they can selectively kill cancer cells through thermal.

Bioenzyme based on nanobiotechnology for cancer treatment

Seyyed Navid Mousavinejad — 2022-09-20

Abstract

Biological enzymes, also known as organic catalysts, play an effective role in the treatment of cancer, especially when combined with nanoparticles using nanobiotechnology methods, their anti-tumor effect improves. Nanoparticle-based bioenzymes play an important role in improving cancer treatment by affecting tumor tissue microenvironment such as pH, glucose concentration, hypoxia and redox reaction. Moreover, by degrading the extracellular matrix of tumor tissue, nanoparticle-based enzymes cause increased accumulation of immune cells in this area, thus enhancing the efficacy of treatments based on chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy.This mini-review summarizes the recent progress in the field of enhancing cancer treatment methods based on nanoparticle-conjugated enzymes, presents the structure of nanoparticle-based bioenzymes and the various applications of bioenzymes, advantages and disadvantages, challenges, and conclusions.

Keywords: Bioenzyme, NanoTechnology, Cancer Therapy

Recent advances and new insights on antiviral effects of exosome for HPV virus

Arta Pouyamanesh — 2022-06-20

Human papilloma virus related cancer has become a trend over the past few decades. Although the virus has infected millions, fortunately it hasn’t led to cancer in most of the cases. However, HPV-related cancer constitutes more than 90% of cervical and between 20- 72% of oropharyngeal cancers. Various methods have been adopted to treat HPV related cancer but the search for proper cancer treatment method with the least side effect and most efficiency has not yet ended. EVs-based therapy is a novel yet promising method for cancer therapy. Exosome as a subtype of extracellular cellular vesicles (EVs), originated from multivesicular endosomal bodies and secreted by reticulocytes from different tissues and organisms, are lipid bilayer nanovesicles containing different cargos including proteins, nucleic acids, lipid and biomarkers. Duo to their biocompatibility, efficiency in material exchange and bioavailability exosomes have gained much attention in therapeutic approaches for treatment of various diseases including cancer therapy. Since exosomes have shown more advantages in comparison with other nano-sized particles, they could be the solution to our desired cancer therapy procedure. However, further experiments and investigations need to be done for this purpose. In this review, exosome-based cancer therapy has been analyzed as a plausible method for treatment of HPV related cancers.

Nano biofilms: An emerging biotechnology applications

Kimia Kazemi — 2022-06-20

Biofilm, a cooperating community of microorganisms, consists of microbial cells attached to the surface. This kind of lifestyle protects microorganisms from environmental threats, prepares higher nutrients for them, and facilitates genetic exchange. However, more sterilant and antibiotics are needed for killing microorganisms in biofilm compared to floating ones. There are various standard methods for detecting biofilms' structure, including Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. Some conditions, including hydrodynamics, nutrient availability, surface and interface properties, and content of microbes, will build the biofilm’s structure. Biofilm formation phases include initiation, maturation, maintenance, and dissolution. Biofilms contain extracellular polymeric substances, which cause more mechanical stability, water retention, and nutrient sorption. They may have benefits in the industry, medicine, etc. Some biofilms consist of cellulose bacteria producing bacterial nanocellulose, making the biofilm retain moisture and trap carbon dioxide. These cellulose bacteria can be generated through two methods; static method vs. agitated method. This review gathered data about biofilm formation, its advantages and disadvantages for microorganisms and environments, and their applications in various areas. In the end, we explain the applications we think they may have.

A review SYNTHESIS OF CoFe2O4 NANOPARTICLES USING A VARIOUS SOLUTION COMBUSTION TECHNIQUES AND STUDY FOR ITS APPLICATIONS

RAHUL JARARIYA — 2022-06-20

The most conventional approaches for producing spinel ferrite structured nanomaterials. This research illustrates process innovation and excellent execution of cobalt ferrite production technology. Cobalt ferrite offers a extensive range of scientific applications, including magnetic sensors, catalysis, wastewater treatment, and hydrogen generation, among others. CoFe₂O₄, also known as spinel ferrite nanostructure, has distinct properties and has been inspect with a heterogeneity of fuels. With major consequences for carbon compound structure, doping action, and toxicity reduction. During the procedure, a substantial number of gases such as NO_x, etc. are emitted. Several techniques are used to synthesis cobalt ferrite, including the hammer's method, the sol-gel approach, the co-precipitation, the hydrothermal method, the microwave aided method, and the solution combustion method. Other than the loss of abundant excess energy, the combustion approach is the simplest solution. In the future, systematic management will be required to limit toxicity and greenhouse gas emissions to preserve the ecosystem.

The VOCs catalytic combustion by perovskite catalysts: A mini-review

Zahra Pouramini — 2022-06-20

With the development of industries and factories, the production of VOCs is increasing. Today, the mass production of VOCs has become one of the environmental concerns. VOCs are toxic, and their entrance into the human body causes many problems for the metabolic, digestion, and nervous system. There are various catalysts for VOCs combustion, but recently, perovskite catalysts have been known as non-noble catalysts which play an essential role in the VOCs catalytic combustion. Perovskite's special catalytic features and thermal stability make them an excellent candidate for controlling environmental pollution. However, the synthesis method of perovskite plays a decisive role in its performance. In this paper, VOCs, their classification, and source of production are discussed, and then types of perovskites, method of synthesis, and their characterization are introduced.

Recent Advances in Multifunctional magnetic nano platform for Biomedical Applications: A mini review

Masoomeh Yari Kalashgrani — 2022-06-20

In order to understand the behavior and improve the application of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in different environments, significant efforts have been made in recent years to develop them. Since the colloidal stability and biological behavior of MNPs are determined by their physical and chemical properties; Therefore, precise control over the synthesis and functional conditions of MNP levels is important. For magnetic systems, biomedical and pharmaceutical targets must have a narrow distribution and very small size, as well as large amounts of magnetism. Finally, their optimal surface coverage is to ensure environmental compatibility and delivery to the main target. Magnetic nanoparticles that have suitable physics and chemistry and desired surface properties were studied for various applications such as drug delivery, hyperthermia and molecular diagnosis. Further studies on the bioconjugation of magnetic nanoparticles, their biocompatibility and toxicity were performed.

Carbon Quantum Dots Platforms: as nano therapeutic for Biomedical Applications

Masoomeh Yari Kalashgrani — 2022-06-20

Quantum dots (QDs) have been widely used as bioimaging agents for fluorescent nanoscopes. However, QD can have toxic side effects because it contains heavy metals. Therefore, many researchers have proposed an alternative material with low toxicity and good biocompatibility called carbon quantum dots (CQD). CQDs have many attractive properties due to their structure such as optical properties, photoluminescence and phosphorescence. These exceptional properties can be used for biomedical applications, especially in the fields of drug delivery, bioimaging, and biosensor. This article provides a comprehensive review of CQDs. The primary focus is on their unique properties and toxicity as they relate to the recently reported field of biomedicine and applications.

Applications of nanotechnology in construction : A Short Review

Marjan Salari — 2022-04-05

The construction industry is constantly evolving, and new technologies are being developed to solve various problems and increase applications in the industry. One of the main materials used in the concrete construction industry, in this industry, in order to reduce environmental pollution, increase the durability of concrete and achieve more efficient concrete, is used concrete technology using nanomaterials. This study is a review study, based on new articles published on the application of nanomaterials in concrete.

Recent advances carbon nanomaterials as a new agent for breast cancer treatment

Farnaz Niknam — 2022-04-05

Today, breast cancer (BC) is a health problem in the world, and the available treatments for this disease cannot prevent its proliferation or recurrence and are not unique to cancer cells and thus cause side complications on healthy cells and tissues. Increasing the effectiveness of treatment by reducing their toxicity is essential for improving the quality of life in patients with BC. Nanotechnology suggests new substitutes in the synthesis and design of nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), because of their physical attributes, biocompatibility, and versatile chemical factorization. Between these, carbon nanotubes and graphene are some of the most widely used CNMs. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique properties and have attracted much attention and interest, and are widely studied in biotechnological and biomedical applications. This article discusses some of the studies related to BC and nanotechnology, and CNTs.

Investigation of potential curves of carbon nanotubes

Behnam Esfandiari — 2022-04-05

The theoretical study of Reactions of single-walled carbon nanotubes has the largest share compared to thermodynamic potentials of these materials. Thermodynamics of free enthalpy energy and Gibbs of single-walled carbon nanotubes in different types (armchair, zigzag, chiral (n>m), and chiral (n<m)) was studied. Mass values of these thermodynamic potentials were calculated by PM3 using the basis of quasi-experimental calculations. These values were used to investigate the relationship between thermodynamic potentials and the diameter and length of the nanotube.

The purpose of this theoretical study is to investigate the effect of diameter and length of these nanotubes on their thermodynamic potentials. The findings show that the thermodynamic potentials of single-walled carbon nanotubes increase with increasing each of the length or diameter parameters. The amount of free energy of Gibbs obtained emphasizes the fact that the stability of single-walled carbon nanotubes increases with increasing diameter and length.

Nano Protein and Peptides for Drug Delivery and Anticancer Agents

Aida Alipour — 2022-04-05

Nanoparticles have tremendous potential as a drug delivery system. These substances were able to attract the attention of scientists by overcoming the problems of gene and drug delivery.to achieve efficient drug delivery, it is important to understand the interactions of nanomaterials with the biological environment, targeting cell surface receptors, stability of therapeutic agent and molecular mechanisms of cell signalling involved in pathobiology of the disease under consideration. The use of nanoparticle drug delivery system will allow practitioners to use drugs to target specific areas of the body.in the treatment of malignancies, the use of nanoparticles as a drug delivery system is making measurable treatment impact. For example, in recent years, the importance of nanomaterials as drug carriers for the treatment of cancer has been identified. The function of cancer nonobiotechnology is based on the fact that nanometre sized particles have functional or structural properties that are not available from either molecular or microscopic agents. When these nanoparticles linked to biotargeting ligands such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides or small molecules, they are used to target malignant tumors with high affinity and spicifity. Small molecular drugs are currently the most widely used anticancer agents, while biological macromolecules such as therapeutic antibodies, peptides and genes have attracted increasing attention.

Cell Membrane Coated Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Elham Nemati — 2022-04-05

Today cell-based remedies have shown amazing and hopeful results in many medical fields, including genetic engineering, bio-imaging, and regenerative medicine and drug delivery. The distribution of phospholipids and proteins across cellular membranes is asymmetric in most organisms and this asymmetry plays an essential role in various cellular activities and functions, for example programmed cell death, absorption, etc. Scientists have attempted to study membrane-regulated formation and function for many years. Today, researchers are constantly trying to use asymmetric artificial membrane models in various fields. Presently nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively inquired into several biomedical applications containing diagnostics, cancer therapy, imaging, and targeted drug and gene-delivery. It is necessary to modify the surface of nanomaterials and nanoparticles so that they are not to be cleared by the immune system. In this study, biomedical applications and challenges faced by nanoparticles coated by cell membranes and other medical applications of asymmetric membranes which are often made of lipids, polymers, or a combination of both, are investigated

Manufacturing Non-woven Media with Cellulose Fiber, Carbon Fiber, and Polypropylene Fiber Used in HEPA Filters

Amir Komeili — 2022-04-05

HEPA filters are used to clean the air of particular contaminants. The most important component of these filters is their media, which is usually made of non-woven fabrics of natural and synthetic fibers. In this research, 3 types of fibers have been used to make these media: cellulose, Poly Propylene (PP), and carbon fiber (CF). In manufacturing these membranes, some parameters such as the fiber type, fiber length, additive polymer percentage, pressing temperature, and pressing pressure have been varied. The microstructure of pores has been characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and pores sizes and pore distribution have been calculated by a Bubble-point hand-made-up apparatus based on ASTM F316. The arrestance efficiency of membranes has been determined by an aerosol analysis. Image J software has been used to validate the pore size and pore distribution data achieved by other analyses. The tearing test is performed to investigate the mechanical properties of membranes. It was observed that the cellulose membrane, in comparison to other membranes, has been achieved the highest tearing strength (4631 N/m) and the best arrestance efficiency (100%) for arresting the particles upper than 5 μm.

Advances in Applied Nano bio-Technologies Based Materials as Emerging Trends for Dental Tissue Engineering: A mini-review

Yasamin Ghahramani — 2022-04-05

Nano bio-technology is a term that refers to the junction of Nanotechnology and Biology. There has been considerable research interest in study of functionalized nanostructures in nano bio-medical applications in recent years. There are extensive applications of nano bio-technology in biomedical engineering such as implant and tissue engineering, diagnosis and therapy. The unique size-dependent properties of nano bio- materials make these materials superior and essential in many areas of tissue engineering. This brief mini-review tries to summarize the most recent advances in the field of applied nano bio-technology, in particular their application in dental tissue engineering.

Cyclic fatigue resistance: comparison of AF F-One and One Curve rotary instruments with Hyflex EDM OneFile in root canal therapy

Yasamin Ghahramani — 2022-04-05

Background and Objectives: Cyclic fatigue is a major reason for file fractures as a complicated challenge in root canal therapy. The advantages of single-file rotary systems include time saving, cost-effectivenes and low risks of instrument fractures. This study selected an optimal file in terms of cost and clinical function by comparing cyclic fatigue among three files.

Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study employed artificial steel canal. Fifteen files of One-Curve, One-File and F-One were rotated according to their manufacturer's recommendation for speed and torque until they fractured. The number of cycles until fracture and the length of the fractured part were measured. The data obtaind were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests with a statistically-significant threshold of P<0.05.

Results: The mean fracture time of One-File was 456±14 seconds. The mean number of rotations was 3043±937 for One-File, 1333±234 for One-Curve and 462±116 for F-One, suggesting statistically-signficant diffrences (P<0.001). The mean length of the fractured part was 8.32±0.64 mm in One-File, 5.17±0.917 mm in One-Curve and 6.58±1.16 mm in F-One, suggesting statistically-signficant diffrences (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Resistance to cyclic fatigue in inside curved canals was the highest in One-File, followed by One-Curve and F-One, which cannot be used as an appropriate alternative to the other two types of file in single-file systems.

Using nanomembrane to heavy metal removal from wastewater: A mini-review

Zahra Pour Amini — 2022-04-05

Clean water is one of the essential factors in all creature's life and human beings. The contamination of various pollutants, especially heavy metals, in water bodies causes environmental pollution and excessive death of living organisms due to industrial development. Many methods have been done to overcome this issue and produce clean water. It should be noted that none of them was as successful as nanomaterials. In this review, nanomembrane as a good candidate was chosen to eliminate the heavy metals from wastewater. Also, the pros and cons and future perspectives of using nanomembrane were introduced, respectively.

Cancer and nanotechnology: A mini review

Ahmad Gholami — 2022-04-05

Cancer is a complex disease that is challenging globally. There are different types of this disease and many people suffer from it. According to global data, in 2020, about 19.3 million new cases and about 10 million deaths have been estimated. Therefore, timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment for any type of cancer is very important. Therapies include chemotherapy and radiotherapy; etc. existing treatments currently have many side effects. Therefore, scientists are looking for new ways to reduce these side effects. In recent years, nanotechnology has received much attention in the diagnosis, imaging and treatment of this disease. Nanoscience, especially nanoparticles in the field of drug delivery, imaging and treatment has helped a lot in the field of cancer, and in recent years, nanotranoscience has applied this science. nanotheranostics is a combination of treatment and diagnosis that allows doctors to make progress in treatment and Provide. appropriate dosing and timely intervention and provide chemotherapy for cancer by increasing efficacy and reducing toxicity.

Application of nano-antibiotics in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases

Masoomeh Yari Kalashgarani — 2022-03-20

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, nanotechnology provides an excellent opportunity to treat drug-resistant microbial infections. Numerous antibiotics have been used to inhibit the growth and kill of microbes, but the development of resistance and the emergence of side effects have severely limited the use of these agents. Due to the development of the nanotechnology, nanoparticles are widely used as antimicrobials. Silver and chitosan nanoparticles have antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial properties, and many studies confirm the antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles. Nowadays, the use of nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases has developed due to less side effects and also the help of these particles in effective drug delivery to the target tissue. Liposomes are also used as carriers of drug delivery, genes, and modeling of cell membranes in both animals and humans. The ability of these liposomes to encapsulate large amounts of drugs, minimize unwanted side effects, high effectiveness and low toxicity has attracted the interest of researchers. This review article examines recent efforts by researchers to identify and treat infectious diseases using antimicrobial nanoparticles and drug nano-carriers.

Challenge of biosensors in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Sargol Mazraedoost — 2021-12-20

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial illness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), and it is a long-term public health risk due to several biological and societal factors. Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that most commonly affected the lungs and can damage the kidneys, brain, and spine. Tuberculosis (TB) is a fatal human illness that has been prevalent for a long time. It is also known as "consumption" or "phthisis."M. tuberculosis is thought to have killed more people than any other bacterial infection. As a result, early detection of this bacterial infection is critical for patients to get prompt and suitable therapy. In underdeveloped countries, more than 98% of tuberculosis cases are recorded. Effective diagnosis approaches based on biosensors are required for these bacteria due to a shortage of well-equipped and specialized diagnostic facilities.

A comparative study on the clays incorporated with acrylamide-based hydrogels

Farzaneh Sabbagh — 2021-12-20

In the current study to increase the release ability of acrylamide-based hydrogels, modified acrylamide-based hydrogel nanocomposites were synthesized and Montmorillonite, Kaolinite, and Illite were added to the matrix. The characterization of the clays was carried out using EDX and XRD, whereas the characterization of the clay-hydrogels was carried out with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), swelling ratio, and rheology measurements. EDX of clays showed that the highest amount of Al (17.18 0.12%) is for Kaolinite and the highest amount of Si (20.94 0.85%) and Fe (8.53 %) belongs to Illite. The highest amount of C (6.97 1.54%) is for Montmorillonite. The swelling of Montmorillonite/Aam hydrogels including was found to be higher than other types of hydrogels used in this study. The shifting of the bonds in FTIR and FESEM images of composites showed that the clays are well-incorporated to the polymer and the shape of the composites in the FESEM images indicates the effect of clays on the structure of polymers. The highest swelling ratio was attributed to Montmorillonite/Aam composite. The frequency sweep test showed that the G’ and G” value of the Illite/Aam G’ (1260 36.5 Pa) and (198.5 6.6 Pa) was higher than the other mixtures.

Green Synthesis and High-efficiency Method for Reduced Graphene Oxide by Urtica Dioica Extracts

Negar Javanmardi — 2021-12-20

There are various methods to produce nanoparticles, but utilizing the plants for nanoparticle synthesis due to their environmentally friendly nature and low cost is very highly considered. Here, we report the green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide with high efficiency using extracts of Urtica Dioica for the first time. In this study, Urtica Dioica extracts were utilized as a reducing material for the synthesis of nano-graphene oxide. The reduced graphene oxide was analyzed for the determination of size and structural properties using XRD, FTIR, Raman spectra, and TEM

Recent advancements in Graphene oxide-based for fight with HIV infection .

NEGAR JAVANMARDI — 2021-12-20

ABSTRACT

The only successful trial to date against the HIV is the RV144 trials, and today, due to the role that broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) naturally plays in the fight against the HIV, scientists are working to develop bnAbs -induced vaccines to prevent HIV infection. Electrochemical sensors along with nanomaterial’s have been tested for faster detection of the HIV in the body. Among these sensors, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO), glassy carbon modified with polyaniline/graphene (PAN/GN/GCE), and GCE modified with amino- reduced graphene oxide (NH₂)- rGO and β –cyclodextrin (β-CD) (NH2-rGO/ β-CD/ GCE) are listed in this review. Today, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are used to treat the HIV, which are not able to completely cure the HIV infection. The main problem with the complete elimination of the HIV is the presence of the HIV latent reservoirs in the body. To this end, several strategies have been used to completely destroy these reservoirs, including "shock and kill" therapy approach, immunotherapy, and gene therapy.

Keywords: HIV vaccine, ERGO, PAN/GN/GCE, NH2-rGO/ β-CD/ GCE, shock and kill, immunotherapy, gene therapy.

Graphene Quantum Dots and their applications: A mini-review

Yasamin Ghahramani — 2021-12-20

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) is a new class of fluorescent carbon materials that attracted increasing interest because of their special potentials for biomedical applications, their unique and tunable photoluminescence properties, high photostability, exceptional physicochemical properties, small size, and biocompatibility. This review purpose to update the latest results of The recently developed green synthetic methods of GQDs. In This article recent advanced applications of GQDs in vitro, particularly in regenerative medicine, Antibacterial activity, and Biocompatibility of GQDs, are included.

Application of nanoparticle technology in water and wastewater treatment (Overview)

Marjan Salari — 2021-12-20

Water is the most important substance for human life. Water has been the only element that cause gave rise to life for human civilizations from the beginning until now. Many different methods have been used to treat water to date. These mentioned nanoparticles are used for three groups of pollutants such as pesticides, microorganisms, and heavy metals. This review article by investigation international articles from 2019 to 2020 in a library and descriptive manner paid to new achievements in nanotechnology in the field of water and wastewater treatment. The result of nanotechnology for water and wastewater treatment is increasing day by day. The unique properties of nanomaterials show many opportunities for water and wastewater treatment. All three categories, i.e., nano-adsorbents have commercial products, activated membranes in nanotechnology, and nano-photocatalysts, however, they have not been used on a large scale in water or wastewater treatment. Several other nanotechnologies for water treatment have made significant advances in the past to control water pollution problems, and they will make more progress in the future. Nanotechnology-based treatment offers highly effective, competent, flexible, and environmentally friendly approaches. These methods are more commercial, less tedious, and much less waste than conventional methods.

Nano bacterial cellulose for biomedical applications: A mini review focus on tissue engineering

Elham Nemati — 2021-12-20

Cellulose is one of the main constituents of natural biopolymer. Its properties like renewable, eco-friendly, sustainable biomaterial, and biocompatibility, biodegradable, cost-effectiveness, lightweight, and high mechanical strength, make it very useful in many fields. Nanocellulose is an ideal material to be used in the production of biopolymer composite, because of its properties such as low density, non-abrasiveness, combustibility, nontoxicity, and inexpensiveness. We can extract nanocellulose from both Bactria and plants. There are some reasons that bacterial cellulose is better than plant cellulose, which are given below. Bacterial nanocellulose has been used in various applications like medical products, food packaging, etc. This mini-review talks about the significant role of bacterial nanocellulose in the medical application including tissue engineering, drug delivery agents, wound healing, dental implant, bone tissue, and neural implants, cardiovascular implants, artificial cornea, etc. some studies have shown that some body`s cells such as endothelial, chondrocytes, and smooth muscle cells have good adhesion to BC.

The Advances in nanostructures vaccine, new approaches to improve for anticancer and immune system efficiency

NEGAR JAVANMARDI — 2021-10-05

Chemical and Enzyme Treatment of Enset Yarn for Technical Textile Applications

Alhayat Getu TEMESGEN — 2021-09-20

Yarns obtained from natural fibers have been played a significant role in human history for the manufacture of technical and conventional textiles. Enset yarn is manufactured from agro waste fiber called false banana fiber (enset fiber). Fiber and/or yarn is not effectively utilized in technical textile and textile fiber reinforced ecofriendly composites. This research work was focused on the effect of biochemical modification of enset yarn, morphological analysis and characterized the mechanical properties of the yarn. Chemical composition, morphological structure and tensile strength were investigated and studied by using Fourier Transfer Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and SHIMADZU Strength tester. The tensile strength of the yarns were evaluated before and after biochemical treatments. The result show that, enset yarns treated with caustic soda, amylase enzyme and Aloe-vera gel were exhibited a significant improvement in their morphological, tensile strength and weight loss as compared to untreated enset yarn. The test results shown that treated enset yarn with both chemical and enzyme had a tensile strength of 53.50 – 65.43 MP with lower percentage weight loss. The tensile strength of the yarn was improved by 22 % due to alkalization and softeners. The major weight loss (6.14 %) enset yarn was observed in both 7.5% w/v. of alkali and 20% w/v. of enzyme treatment.

Nano materials-based devices by photodynamic therapy for treating cancer applications

Sargol Mazraedoost — 2021-09-20

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive beneficial modality that is able to be used instead of radiotherapy and chemotherapy to treat cancer. Low water solubility makes administering photosensitizers (PSs) complicated, which undermines several molecules' medicinal application, limits PDT's efficacy. Nanotechnology can be used to tune the photoactive drug's pharmacokinetics and tumor selectivity and perform a vital role in the photosensitizer's photodynamic function by maintaining the photosensitizer's monomeric structure and thereby optimizing the photochemistry that occurs upon photon absorption. Also, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems may progress a PS's transcytosis by allowing two or different drugs to be delivered at the same time via epithelial and endothelial barriers. Based on this, nanotechnology's application in medicine could open up a slew of novel cancer treatment possibilities while also improving the efficacy of presently available medicines. Consequently, this research aims to investigate nanotechnology-based medication conveyance instruments utilized for photodynamic cancer treatment.

Modeling of the Thermal Degradation of Poly (methyl methacrylate) and its Nanocomposite with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Alireza Aghili — 2021-09-20

Modeling of non-isothermal degradation of polymers consists of the integration of the Arrhenius function which has no analytical solution. The integration is commonly estimated by a variety of approximation functions with varying complexity and precision. In this study, a mathematical formula was derived in which the Arrhenius integral is calculated without using common approximation functions. Calculations showed that the obtained formula has a better accuracy compared to the common approximation functions. The obtained formula was used to determine the kinetic parameters of thermal degradation of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and its nanocomposite with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). The kinetic parameters were also calculated by a different method which was based on a single point calculation and used the approximation functions for estimating the Arrhenius integral. The comparison showed that there is a better agreement between the experimentally measured and calculated data when the kinetic parameters obtained from new formula.

Water-borne polyurethanes for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding

Dr Khadijeh Yousefi — 2021-09-20

Nowadays, a kind of new environmentally friendly coatings is used extensively under the name of water-borne polyurethanes. These coatings have attracted the attention of many researchers compared to conventional coatings due to the low emission of volatile organic compounds and the use of water as the solvent. In fact, this kind of water-based polyurethanes, due to their incompatible with water, significantly usage of hydrophilic groups number to get water solubility. On the other hand, they have special properties such as high mechanical resistance and biodegradability. Therefore, the use of water-borne polyurethanes is used in a wide range of applications, including electromagnetic interference shielding that is electromagnetic wave emission in the form of radio waves, and is created in many electronic devices. So, in this chapter, first, the structure of polyurethane and its compounds will be discussed. The study of water-borne polyurethanes and their production methods and their application in electromagnetic interference shielding is mentioned

Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots and their applications via stem cells: A mini-review

Yasamin Ghahramani — 2021-09-20

Carbon-based nanomaterials are now in the spotlight of biomedical researches. They have established a prime position ranging in drug delivery to tissue engineering. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are one of the recent entrants to the list of carbon-based nanomaterials. GQDs are one of the most promising carbon-based nanomaterials at the forefront of the biomedical research area, owing to their outstanding characteristics, including low toxicity, high solubility, strong inertness, high specific surface areas, abundant edge sites, and versatility. This mini-review focus is on the GQDs applications via different stem cells. The GQDs' characteristics are discussed thoroughly for tissue engineering aspects and their potential applications in stem cell researches. In particular, emphasis is given to special applications such as bioimaging, proliferation, differentiation, and biosensing through stem cells. Finally, the future perspectives of GQDs in the stem cell field have been discussed.

Virus Decorated Nanobiomaterials as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

Aida Alipour — 2021-09-19

One of the applications of tissue engineering is to develop artificial scaffolds. These scaffolds can mimic extracellular matrix and support cells for the repair of damaged tissue and organs. Virus particles can be re-engineering by genetic and chemical modification. Scaffolds can support cell growth and regulate cellular functions such as adhesion, spreading and proliferation. Scaffolds can be two dimensional or three dimensional which are resulting from self-assembly of the re-engineered. In this review, we review the role of virus based scaffolds in vivo and their applications in tissue engineering

When stem cells meet nanoparticles for biomedical treatments: A mini-review

Yasamin Ghahramani — 2021-09-19

One of the newest technologies that have been proposed for medical treatments that have attracted a lot of attention is the use of nanoparticles. Today, a wide variety of nanoparticles are known and made. These nanoparticles are used in further research. Especially Nanoparticles have a variety of effects on stem cells. In This mini-review, some applications and effects of nanoparticles in medical treatments have been investigated. First, the toxicity of one of the most common nanoparticles (silver nanoparticle) on stem cells was examined. Also, the potential of several nanoparticles in stem cell differentiation and proliferation and their role in mesenchymal stem cells, neuronal stem cells, and cancer Nanomedicine that has vital in our research was discussed. The purpose of writing this mini-review is to get acquainted with the most common nanoparticles and some of their effects on stem cells for medical treatments. With a better understanding of nanoparticles, they can be better used in clinical treatments or control many deadly diseases.

Graphene based nanostructure interaction with human liver cancer cells

Dr Khadijeh Yousefi — 2021-09-19

Carbon-based nanomaterials are now in the spotlight of biomedical researches. According to the World Health Organization, liver cancer is the fourth driving cause of cancer associated with passing around the world. It requests compelling treatment and demonstrative techniques to ruin its recurrence, complexities, forceful metastasis and late determination. With later advance in nanotechnology, Graphene based nanostructure (GBNs) symptomatic and helpful modalities have entered into clinical trials. With further developments in Graphene based nanostructure intervened liver cancer conclusion and treatment, the approach holds promise for made strides clinical liver cancer administration. In this mini-review emphasis is given to special applications such as Structure and Properties, Synthesis, differentiation, Biomedical Applications, and Limitations of nanoparticles through liver cancer cells. Finally, the future perspectives of GBNs in the liver cancer cells field have been discussed.

Effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma treatment on the Polypropylene film in presence of air and nitrogen at atmospheric pressure

Hossein Azimi — 2021-06-20

The plasma treatment is an efficient method used for improving wettability of the polymer film surface and increasing the surface roughness. In this paper, polypropylene (PP) films are modified by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) Plasma in the presence of air and nitrogen separately at atmospheric pressure. The plasma-modified surfaces are characterized by contact angle measurements, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). Results show a remarkable increase in hydrophilicity due to the implantation of oxygen and nitrogen containing groups in these modified polypropylene films. Atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen, OH radicals, and ions, which are presented in the discharge, create radicals at the polymer surface, which can react with oxygen and nitrogen species, resulting in formation of oxygen and nitrogen containing functionalities on the polymer surface. It is shown that plasma in the nitrogen atmosphere is more efficient in etching and implanting functionalities than air plasma.

Influence of phosphor precursors on the morphology and purity of sol–gel-derived hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

Khadije Yousefi — 2021-06-20

In this study nano crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) particles were produced by both sol-gel and precipitation methods. For this purpose calcium nitrate tetra hydrate (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O) was selected as calcium precursors and three types of phosphorus precursors such as acid phosphoric (H3PO4) , triethyl phosphate (C2H5O)3PO and pentad oxide phosphorus (P2O5) were chosen. The produced powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that although hydroxyapatite can be produced by all phosphorus precursors used in the current research, the purity of HA obtained from penta oxide phosphorus and phosphoric acid is higher than that of triethyl phosphate. The SEM micrographs prove that the morphology of nano-HAP depends on the type of phosphorus precursor .The HAP prepared from acid phosphoric was spherically shaped whereas the one from triethyl phosphate is needle like and from penta oxide phosphorus was found to be Pyramidal in shape.

DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS ALGORITHM USING MATHEMATICAL RATIO MODELS WITH BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN SMA TYPE I DISEASE

Ozan Emre EYUPOĞLU — 2021-06-20

Objective: Early diagnosis is life-saving in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a disease that is defined as a rare disease in the community and affects one person in ten thousand. When laboratory tests are examined from the diagnostic tests, it should be checked whether there is a homozygous deletion of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene as the first diagnostic parameter for a patient who is thought to have spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). In order t o be sure of the diagnosis, it is necessary to look at the creatine kinase (CK) value of the patient and the nerve conduction results that will be obtained from the results of electrophysiological tests such as electromyography (EMG). It was aimed to develop an early diagnosis algorithm by using a mathematical ratio model to diagnose spinal muscular atrophy disease early, by proportioning the length of the electrocardiogram (ECG) frequency with the creatine kinase value being higher than normal.

Material and Method: A group of people with SMA disease and a group of healthy people were used in the study. Serum creatine kinase values of all patients were measured and the length of the electrocardiogram (ECG) frequency was measured. These two values are proportioned.

Result and Discussion: As a result of literature studies, the frequencies of electrocardiogram tremors and creatine kinase (CK) values of healthy people were compared. Electrocardiogram (ECG) frequencies and creatine kinase values of sick people were also compared. The range value of healthy people and the range values of sick people were compared and a range of values specific to sick people was determined. Based on this range, patients with vibration frequency / creatine kinase values between 0.125-0.175 can be diagnosed. This study will contribute to the development of computer-based android applications for diagnosis for patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) with codes 0 and 1, using the inference that the patient is healthy as the value approaches 1 and the value approaches 0.

Effect of silver nanoparticles disinfectant on covid-19

Gity Behbudi — 2021-06-20

The modifications of sample in the metallic crystals from bulk to nano size have caused in wonderful and supreme attributes; which have dramatically created a broad range of applications. Exclusively, Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) attract more consideration due to their specific catalytic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties that can be modified with shapes, size, surface nature, etc. Therefore these crystals have been utilized in different areas such as antimicrobial agents in the health industry, electronic components, sensor, catalysis, etc. Silver is suitable for all pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. In addition, Ag NPs disinfectants have attracted attention because of the applicable applications in our daily life. Hence the Ag NPs have been utilized in various sections such as food packaging, biomedical, animal husbandry, textile, water/air filters, etc. Because of the absence of efficient antiviral scales, the pandemic of COVID-19 is extanding. AgNPs are assumed to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and have been studied due to owning antiviral properties. In this review, the Ag NPs as a disinfectant in disinfect of covid-19 have been discussed.

Providing a model to robust entanglement between a movable mirror and a cavity field in coupled optomechanical system

Mehrad Gavahi — 2021-06-20

Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen and Schr ̈odinger first identified Entanglement as a peculiar quantum mechanics phenomenon, challenging the completeness of the theory. Because of the significance of the phenomenon of entanglement, the entanglement between a movable mirror and a cavity field is discussed in this article. Due to the importance of the subject, two types of design are considered for the analysis of the cavity caused by the moving mirror and for both, the analytical solution was performed and the governing equations were derived. In the first example, between two mirrors, one fixed and the other movable, a cavity field is found, in which case the interconnection between the rotating mirror and the two level atoms in the cavity field can be studied. In the second example, the first field is coupled to another cavity field and the effect of entanglement is studied on a mirror on which the atom is not located. The findings indicate that the greater entanglement and the wider efficient detuning area can be obtained with the increase in the coupling power of the coupled optomechanical device, so it is simpler and more feasible to realize and observe this kind of novel phenomenon in experiment.

Optimisation using Taghuchi method and Heterogeneous Fenton-like Process with Fe3O4/MWCNTS Nano-Composites as the Catalyst for Removal an Antibiotic

Marjan Salari — 2021-05-05

Today, various optimization methods are performed to optimally investigate the input factors and the effects of these factors on the target response. In this study, optimal is performed by Taguchi method. The aim of this experimental study was to remove the antibiotic ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions using a Fenton-like heterogeneous process using Fe₃O₄/ MWCNT_S nanocomposites (MWCNT_S) as catalyst. Fe₃O₄/ MWCNT_S nanocomposites were prepared using a cheap, fast and accurate oxidation co-precipitation method as a completely Fenton-like heterogeneous catalyst. XRD, FTIR and FESEM results showed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles doped on the MWCNTs surface while having their own cubic structures. The maximum yield was obtained by the Fenton-like heterogeneous process at pH =7 where the ciprofloxacin removal efficiency was 78. Taguchi optimal analysis showed that with the initial concentration of ciprofloxacin 150 mg/l, catalyst dose (Fe₃O₄/ MWCNT_S) 30 mg, H₂O₂ concentration 20 mM, pH 4 and reaction time, high S/N response ratio can be achieved Brought from 35 min; Creating a significant level of parameters 65.88, 61.38, 67.13, 66.25 and 62.50, respectively. It was concluded that the catalytic reaction compared to previous studies in a wider range of pH values (~4) and Fenton-like Fe₃O₄/MWCNT_S catalyst nanocomposites in terms of catalytic suitable for the removal of this antibiotic has better mechanical and thermal capabilities. The overall results show that there is a synergistic effect of adsorption and advanced oxidation process, which significantly improves the efficiency of the advanced oxidation process.

CRISPR/Cas9 as a tool for Genome Editing: A Mini Review on Development and Approaches

Elham Riazimontazer — 2021-03-21

By introducing recombinant DNA technology, first reported in 1972, biological researchers were able to manipulate DNA molecules to develop new therapeutic strategies. Nowadays, targeted methods for engineering the genome of diverse organisms have provided a powerful tool in the treatment of genetic diseases. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technique is one of the newest genome modification tools based on prokaryotic adaptive immune system. The simplicity and flexibility of the CRISPR/Cas9 site-specific nuclease system and its efficiency has led to its widespread use in many biological research areas. In this review, the basis of this technique and its application in the treatment of genetic diseases are explored while highlighting challenges as well as future directions. Derived from a remarkable microbial defense system, CRISPR/Cas9 is used widely as innovative scaffold from basic biology to biotechnology and medicine.

Manufacturing and Properties of Poly Vinyl Alcohol/Fibrin Nanocomposite Used for Wound Dressing

Fahime Sadat Hoseini — 2021-03-20

The purpose of this study is to make PVA/fibrin nanocomposite with suitable mechanical and biological properties to be used in wound dressing. Characterizations are performed by SEM, microculture Tetrazolium Test (MTT), tensile strength, contact angle, and DAPI coloring. Low, medium and high Concentrations of fibrinogen and thrombin were injected into the scaffolds by electrophoresis method. The tensile strength test of scaffolds shows that the ultimate tensile strength and fracture strain are 4.06 MPa and 0.93, respectively. Wettability and SEM tests show an increase in hydrophobicity by the addition of fibrin to the scaffolds. The DAPI coloring test or cell adhesion test also indicates an increase in cell adhesion of scaffolds contained fibrin in comparison to scaffolds without fibrin. MTT test for 4 days shows a better cell proliferation in the PVA/fibrin composites as compared to PVA scaffolds results Showed that PVA/fibrin nanocomposite could be used for tissue engineering applications as a wound dressing in animal models.

Reducing Amination of Aldehydes and Ketons with Highly Branch Polyethylenemine Supported Zirconia Borohydride and Nano Tetrachlorosilane as a New and Mild Reducing Agent

Zeinab Niknam — 2021-03-20

The formation of stable nanoparticle-polymeric reagent obtained by electrostatic complexation is studied in this paper. The nanoparticles placed under scrutiny were nano tetrachlorosilane (SiCl4) reacted with highly branch polyethyleneimine moieties. The complex formation was monitored using different formulation pathways, including direct mixing, sonication, dilution, and quenching. In the first process, the hybrids were obtained by mixing stock solutions of polymer and nanoparticle.

Therefore, the introduction of new and efficient methods is still in demand. The use of heterogeneous catalysts provides a perfect solution to overcome the above limitations.

Covid-19 treatment by plant compounds

Sargol Mazraedoost — 2021-03-20

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health epidemic, with significant mortality and morbidity, including critical care, putting a strain on health care services. In the city of Wuhan, China, a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 appeared at the end of 2019, causing an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia. A type of coronavirus disease belonging to the family Coronaviridae is COVID-19. Moreover, the disease's symptoms include fever, dry cough, tiredness. It is possible to foresee numerous options to monitor or avoid emerging 2019-nCoV infections, including small-molecule drugs, interferon therapies, and Vaccines. Novel interventions may take a long time.

The electrochemical behavior of Dopamine as electron transfer mediator catalyst for adsorption of Phenyl Boronic Acid and Sodium Tetraborate

Sonia Bahrani — 2021-03-20

In this study, a new method is advanced using dopamine (DA) as mediator catalyst for electro-oxidation of phenyl boronic acid (PhBA) and sodium tetraborate (NaTB). In this case, DA immobilized on topside of gold (Au) electrodes modified by mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) self-assembled monolayers (Au-MPA-DA SAMs). Layer‑by‑layer fabrication and electrochemical behaviour of adsorbed PhBA and NaTB is traced by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The measurements are performed in the presence as well as in the absence of [Fe(CN)₆]³^-/4- and [Ru(NH₃)₆]^2+/3+ redox probes. The results successfully confirmed formation of DA-PhBA and DA-NaTB complexes on modified electrode.

A medical encyclopedia with new approach graphene quantum dots for anti-breast cancer applications: mini review

Reza Masoumzade — 2020-12-20

In Last years, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have received develop consideration due to their attributes such as small size and light weight, fluorescence detects , liquid solvability, biomedicine, photo sensors , drug delivery, gene delivery, and cancer therapy refers to new approaches. Graphene quantum dots are fluorescent graphene nanostructures with sizes Low. The fluorescence in GQDs emanates through two original the fluorescence emission from bond fracture energy transmission of interlace π-domains and in this material from surface deficiency. The GQDs have found applications in multiple areas such as nano medicine. The GQDs have less toxicity and other particular properties in comparison to materials, quantum dots which make them superior properties for medical applications. In this article, we discuss the applications of GQDs in breast cancer control, drug delivery system and breast cancer treatment. In this work, the articles we used to treat breast cancer are all based on graphene-based conjugates and graphene. In fact, we provide a summary of the latest advances in the treatment of breast cancer using GQD, existing problems and innovative methods. The purpose of this study is to find answers to questions that help us in the treatment of breast cancer, such as why patients do not survive long, a general understanding of the biology of cancer cells and how nanocomponents work in the treatment of these patients. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate GQD as a potential anti-metastatic agent.

Nanoparticles induced oxidative stress and related effects especially under exposure to electromagnetic radiations

Shahram Ahmadi — 2020-12-20

Electromagnetic fields (EMF) have various chemical effects, including causing deterioration in large molecules in cells and imbalance in ionic equilibrium. Despite being essential for life, oxygen molecules can lead to the generation of hazardous by-products, known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), during biological reactions. These reactive oxygen species can damage cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA. Free radicals are unstable atoms or molecules with free outer electrons. This makes them highly reactive because free electrons always strive to form a stable bond. This stabilization involves gaining an electron from another molecule, triggering a chain reaction. Such reactions are omnipresent in the human body, but under certain circumstances can damage biomolecules. Whether nanoparticles are intracellular taken up leading to the activation of free radical production is currently being discussed. Ongoing studies are investigating whether the amount of free radicals formed on the surface of nanoparticles is sufficient to induce cellular effects. This dossier provides an overview about what free radicals are, how they originate, why organisms need them, how they are neutralized, and what we know about the connection between nanoparticles and free radical production. Several studies have reported that exposure to EMF results in oxidative stress in many tissues of the body. Exposure to EMF is known to increase free radical concentrations and traceability and can affect the radical couple recombination. The purpose of this review was to highlight the impact of oxidative stress on antioxidant systems.

Biochemical composition properties of Kombucha SCOBY: Mini Reviews

Sargol Mazraedoost — 2020-12-20

Kombucha is a fermented tea drink prepared as a result of the symbiotic nature of bacterial cultures and yeast, the so-called SCOBY (Symbiotic Cultures of Bacteria and Yeast). Kombucha is characterized by a rich chemical content and stable properties. Kombucha is a beverage produced by the fermentation of sugared tea using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts. Kombucha intake has been correlated with certain health benefits, such as: lowered cholesterol and blood pressure levels, decreased cancer spread, improved liver, immune system, and gastrointestinal functions.

Preparation of PMMA/nano-SiO2 nanocomposite and its application in formation of microcellular foams using supercritical CO2

ALireza Aghili — 2020-12-20

Silica nanoparticles with an average diameter of 12 nm were used for preparation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites using a solution blending method. Dispersion of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal behavior of polymer and nanocomposites was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the thermal decomposition of nanocomposites occurs at slightly higher temperature compared to the neat polymer. The rheological behavior of polymer and nanocomposites was investigated by an oscillatory rheometer. The pure PMMA and its nanocomposites were used for production of microcellular foams using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2). Dry ice was used as the source of supercritical fluid. The morphology of microcellular foams was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the cell size and cell density of foams were calculated via image analysis. The effect of silica nanoparticles on cell size and cell density of foams was also investigated. The foams prepared from nanocomposites have smaller cell size and larger cell density.

Polyethyleneimine - based materials for gene therapy, bioimaging and drug delivery systems applications

Reza Masoumzadeh — 2020-11-07

Polyethylene (PEI) has certain properties that have been widely considered for medical purposes. PEI has a primary, secondary and tertiary cationic structure that gives it special chemical properties that make it have special applications in medicine. The amine groups on PEI are used for biomedical applications such as the preparation of organic / inorganic or organic / organic composites. In this paper, we review the latest scientific advances in medical applications of PEI, such as bioimaging applications, especially cancer diagnosis, gene therapy, and drug delivery systems.

Thermo Mechanical behaviour of Phenol Novolac Resin and Unsaturated Polyester Toughened Epoxy using nano Bentonite and Silica Nanoparticles

Mohammad Reza Jamshidi — 2020-10-13

Phenol novolac epoxy resin is a polymer matter which its properties can be modified for industrial needs. In this research, nanocomposites of phenol novolac epoxy resin and unsaturated polyester are made nano Bentonite and silica nanoparticles as filler. For this purpose, effect of nanoparticles percent on nanocomposite formation is studied and their physical, mechanical and thermal properties are obtained. The presence of unsaturated polyester in this process forms a cross-link capable of improving the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. Fracture behavior was determined by a SEM device. Moreover, TGA, DSC, impact tests and bending test were applied for data analysis. When process ability is growing, moisture absorption decreases. Fracture toughness was also evaluated in a stoichiometric network. Physical and mechanical properties improve significantly with increasing nanoparticles. The most important reason for using this nanocomposite is its high resistance to corrosion.

Mini review of Graphene Oxide for medical detection and applications

Gity Behbudi — 2020-09-20

Graphene, has single layer of carbon atoms with unrivaled physicochemical attributes (e.g. ease of functionalization, remarkable biocompatibility, unparalleled thermal conductivity, strong mechanical strength, excellent electrical conductivity and high surface area) has obtained increasing consideration in biomedical, chemical and physical fields. Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the most applicable materials which applied in different applications such as biomedicine, electronics, photocatalysis, sensors and in energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors). Graphene based Materials such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide have a high applicable potential in the medical applications. GO lonely and its improved form with several compounds (composite formation, immobilization of nanoparticles and surface functionalization) also demonstrate as a multifunctional volunteer for medical biotechnology.

In this work, investigated the methods of synthesis graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and their applications in detection of medical fields. In particular, graphene based biosensors for small biomolecules detection, drug delivery, cancer therapy and biosensores have been summarized.

High-density polyethylene surface modification for the attachment of Eggshell and Oak Bark Nanoparticles

Nastaran Banaei — 2020-09-20

Growing production speed of plastics in municipal solid wastes, industrial wastes of petrochemical complexes and related industries are giving rise to environmental, health and economic problems. Abundance sources of agricultural wastes such as rice husk, bagasse, palm fiber, straw, canola and sawdust having limited practical applications are mostly not recycled and most of them discarded or burnt. By collecting these wastes and processing them we are able to produce products having added-value and consequently reduce environmental pollutions. In this project a combination of rice husk and chitosan nanoparticles were combined and formed as a biopolymer. HDPE and also extrusion in a two-screw extruder are used. After producing the composite, physical and mechanical properties of the composite were studied. Analyzing results showed that 36 wt% rice husk has the maximum tensile strength and similarly by reducing the percentage of rice husk and increasing the percentage of chitosan nanoparticles the tensile strength lowered strongly because rice bran have silica compounds too and reducing the percentage of rice husk make tensile strength lowered , also flexural modulus is increased by increasing percentage rice husk but in samples that nanoparticles were increased and rice husk was decreased, flexural modulus decreased too and flexural strength.

Production of calcium silicate Nano-biocomposite and modeling of its flexural and compressive strength with statistics method

Khadije Yousefi — 2020-09-20

Nano Fast Cement (NFC) is a nanocomposite with a short setting time for repairing root teeth canals as an alternative to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. The downside of this new tooth restorative material is the poor workability and low compressive strength. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), colloidal nano-silica, and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were added to NFC to improve its physical, mechanical, and biocompatibility properties of NFC. The effects of the three additives on strength were determined. Experiments were designed based on the Taguchi method. The optimum contents of the three additives for the highest compressive strength, flexural strength were also obtained. The results showed that the most effective factor on the mechanical (compressive & flexural strength) properties of NFC is polyvinyl alcohol. Based on the Taguchi method, the optimal (highest value) of the mechanical property is obtained for PVA, nano-silica, and nano-hydroxyapatite contents of 6, .0.5, 0 Wt.%.

Phenol Novalac Epoxy-modified unsaturated polyester hybrid networks by Silica Nanoparticles/ and Cross linking with Silane Compounds

Shahram Ahmadi — 2020-06-20

In this study epoxy phenol novalac resin which consists of silica nanoparticles and unsaturated poly ester resin linked to the Silane and cross linking to that structure and also parameters affecting the processes involved have been evaluated. Cross linking in phenol novalac epoxy resins effects on many properties such as thermal, electrical, mechanical and chemical attributes especially in elevated temperatures. Silane cross-linking’s in phenol novalac epoxy resin with respect to other methods like proxiding, irradiation and utilization of Azo compounds, looks to be a very simple and low cost route, which makes it very encouraging for various industries. Unsaturated poly ester resin is compatible with phenol novalac epoxy resin and also creates some cross-linking and as far as tri methoxy Silane is added to the mentioned resin, its thermal, physical and mechanical properties are optimized. In this literature impact, tension, glass transition temperature, humidity absorption, FTIR and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were done and the results revealed that as the cross-linking occurs, tension in rupture region increases. This increase is more common at elevated temperatures. The growth in content of silica nanoparticles leads to a drop in water permeability of phenol novalac epoxy resin nanocomposite which contains unsaturated poly ester resin.

Mini review of polysaccharide nanoparticles and drug delivery process

Farzad Raeisi — 2020-06-20

In recent years, according to research, the role of polysaccharides as drug carriers has attracted much attention. Polysaccharide nanoparticles have been considered as vesicles of various pharmaceutical agents due to the existence of special multifunctional groups in addition to physicochemical properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradation. The presence of groups with different applications on the main constituent structure of the polysaccharide allows easy chemical or biochemical modification for the synthesis of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles with different structures. Nanogels with polysaccharide base and structure have high water content, large surface area for polyvalent biological binding, adjustable size and internal network for combining different drugs. These special properties make it possible to use polysaccharide-based nanogels in drug delivery systems.

Keywords: Polysaccharide, Nanoparticles, Drug delivery

The Recent advances in gene delivery using nanostructures and future prospects

Seyyedeh Narjes Abootalebi — 2020-06-20

Gene therapy has attracted much attention as an encouraging solution to treat a wide range of diseases rather than rare hereditary and single-gene disorders. For this purpose, nucleic acids must be delivered to human target cells. This article reviews the history, key issues, recent advances, and future of gene therapy using nanostructures.
Some intracellular and extracellular barriers need to be removed. Today, a wide range of nano-vectors vectors have been developed. Several vectors based on nanostructures have been developed and used for the successful treatment of some inherited diseases, immunodeficiency, ocular and cancer. Viral vectors are suitable for gene therapy for diseases that require long-term gene expression. Although non-viral vectors are less effective than viruses, they are more specific, have less immunogenicity, and are capable of transmitting longer genes.
Overall, recent advances in various gene therapy strategies have been able to meet some of the expectations of gene therapy for years, and have raised many hopes for further success. Gene therapy seems to be the ultimate solution of the present century to treat many human diseases.

Graphene Oxide as a Docking Station for Modern Drug Delivery System. by Ulva lactuca species study its antimicrobial , anti-fungal and anti-Blood cancer activity

dr.mansoreh shokripur — 2020-06-20

In this study, employing modified Hummers method coupled with a multi-stage manufacturing procedure, graphene oxide (GO) decorated with Ulva lactuca species GOU at different weight ratios was synthesized. Although Ulva lactuca species treatment with graphene oxide tablets gave a faster release in an acidic medium compared with the commercial product (Ulva lactuca species), the cumulative amount of released drugs of the optimum formulation was found to be almost the same as that of the commercial product at the end of different amounts (h). Treatment by graphene oxid matrix tablet formulations can deliver the drug to the small and large intestine. Thus, the - graphene oxid treatment by Ulva lactuca species may be a promising system for the treatment of Crohn’s disease involving both the ileum and large intestine. The best way to approach this problem is to utilize slow release drugs. In this research, the release of the GOU drug from a graphene oxide base has been investigated. The amount of Ulva lactuca species absorption and then, its release by graphene oxide were studied. XRD, EDAX, MAP, PSA, FT-IR and SEM techniques were used in different steps in order to confirm the experimentations validity. Also MTT test was done to investigate the cytotoxicity of the new nanodrug on the large bowel cells. In this research, acidity level impact, drug density PH, mixing time and the optimum amount of absorbent in absorbing graphene oxide by Ulva lactuca species, and also the anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effect was studied.

Keyword: graphene oxide, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, Ulva lactuca species

Effect of Solution Properties on Electrospinning of Polymer Nanofibers: A Study on Fabrication of PVDF Nanofibers by Electrospinning in DMAC and (DMAC/Acetone) Solvents

Mostafa Moshfeghian — 2020-06-20

Fabrication of nano poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) fibers that have high surface area to volume ratio has been investigated nowadays for its applications in various industries. Among the important advantages of these fibers one can point to the efficiency and economic aspects (e.g fuel cost). One of the important features that has led to the widespread use of PVDF fibers in the industry (especially membrane systems) is the very high degree of hydrophobicity. Therefore, this study used two different solvents to evaluate their effect on the hydrophobic characteristic of PVDF fibers. Nanofibers of PVDF fibers were made by electrospinning in Dimethylacetamide (DMAC)/Acetone (6/4): (w/w) and DMAC solvents. After determining the solvent effect, the effect of different concentrations were investigated. Hydrophobicity was evaluated by contact angle measurmement and fiber quality and morphology were discussed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis.

Surface Modification of Nano-Hydroxyapatite by Coating Stearic Acid

Manije Yousefi — 2020-03-20

Todays, researchers are challenging with manufacturing polymeric nanocomposites reinforced with ceramic particles due to two inherent properties of ceramic reinforcement particles, particle agglomeration and incompatibility between hydrophilic ceramic particles and hydrophobic polymeric matrix. So in this study, we used nano-Hydroxyapatite (n-HA) as ceramic material and Stearic acid as amphiphilic material for coating n-HA, hydroxysteric acid (SA) surfactant was used for surface coating particles between the hydrophilic HA powders and the hydrophobic polymers. The surface modification and effect of this method were evaluated by by Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR), x-ray diffractometer (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result of FTIR showed that n-HA surfaces were modified successfully and the modification method had the proper grafting amount according to TGA due to this method of modification will be proper for coating reinforcement particles in polymeric matrix.

The importance of silver nanoparticles in human life

Shahram Ahmadi — 2020-03-20

One nanomaterial that is having an early impact in health care product is nano-silver. Silver has been used for the treatment of medical ailments for over 100 years due to its natural antibacterial and antifungal properties. The nano silver particles typically measure 25nm. They have extremely large relatively surface area, increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi, and vastly improving its bactericidal and fungicidal effectiveness. The nano silver when in contact with bacteria and fungus will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth. The nano silver suppresses respiration, basal metabolism of electron transfer system, and transport of substrate in the microbial cell membrane. The nano silver inhibits multiplication and growth of those bacteria and fungi which cause infection, odor, itchiness and sores. Nano Silver can be applied to range of other healthcare products such as dressings for burns, scald, skin donor and recipient sites; acne and cavity wounds; and female hygiene products – panty liners, sanitary towels and pants.

Investigation Preliminary antimicrobial and anticancer properties: on Topic Rubia tinctorum plant by using Polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS)

Afsane Hoseinzadeh — 2020-03-20

In this study, the antioxidant content in Rubia tinctorum was investigated. The extraction of essences is sensitive to operational conditions. Therefore, the effect of different extraction techniques by using HS -SPME fiber assembly Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS), on the quality of essence oil composition was inspected and the composition of the final product was recognized using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy.Essential Rubia tinctorum is widely used in pharmaceutical, sanitary, cosmetic, agriculture and food industries for their bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, antiparasitical and insecticidal properties. Their anticancer activity is well documented. This review is focused on the activity of essential Rubia tinctorum and their components on various types of Blood cancer cells. The chemical composition of the essential Rubia tinctorum from was analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents were. Ocimene , Sabinene hydrate acetate, Bornyl acetate, Thymol , Methyl isoeugenol ,isoelemicin, Asarone, Neophytadiene. The cytotoxic effect of essential and extracts Rubia tinctorum were analyzed, the results showed that the substance. Good resistance against the toxicity of cell lines is shown MOLT4.

Modification and Improvement of Fe3O4-Embedded Poly(thiophene) Core/Shell Nanoparticles for Cadmium Removal by Cloud Point Extraction

Yasin Sadeghipour — 2020-03-20

Cloud Point Extraction (CPE) as an effective method for pre-concentration and separation of cadmium from aqueous solution is widely utilized. This study involves a surfactant mediated CPE procedure in order to remove cadmium from waste water using Polythiophene nanoparticle and Triton X- 100 as a non – ionic surfactant. Polythiophene – coated iron nanoparticles was successfully synthesized with novel method and as a super magnetic nano-particles (MNPs) for cadmium removal from aqueous solution was evaluated. Polythophene nano-particles emulsifying method have been synthesized and fabricated. Fabricated nano-particle was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and analysed transmission electron microscopy (SEM). Effects of pH, buffer volume, extraction time, temperature, amount of nano-particle were essentially investigated. To reach in optimum conditions, related experiments were replicated and accomplished as well. For removal of cadmium by CPE approach the optimization conditions were gained at pH = 7 , volume of buffer acid 1.5 millilitre , electrolyte concentration (NaCl) of 10 -3 mole L-1 , Trinton concentration 5 %, cloud point temperature 80 0 C , extraction time 40 minutes, and 5 mg of modified polythiophene nano-particle. The calibration graph was liner with a correlation coefficient of 0. 9984 and represents appropriate liner correlation with an amount and concentration. The results revealed that 5 gram of modified nanoparticle can significantly increase the efficiency of cadmium removal.

The role of Nanoparticles for Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Biomedical Engineering

Sargol Mazraedoost

Among the greatest varied and cross-cutting features of biomedical nanotechnology applications is the synthesis, design, and characterization of novel nanomaterials. New developments in synthetics and engineering make it possible to produce an extensive variety of nanoparticles (NPs) and biocompatible nanostructured materials widely used in efficient diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapeutic procedures or deprived of other chemical and/or surface modifications of biomolecules. Because of their physical and chemical properties, metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs), as well as quantum dots (QDs), magnetic NPs, metal NPs, and metal oxide NPs, have a tremendous amount of power for biomedical applications. Nanoparticles (NPs) have superior (chemical and physical) features that create an ideal for different usages. Metallic NPs' structural modifications result in various biological activities, leading to diverse development capacities for reactive oxygen species (ROS). With chemistry, size, surface area, and particle shape, the amount of ROS provided by metallic NPs are correlated. In cell biology, ROS has many functions. ROS generation is a critical component in the toxicity caused by metallic NP and cellular signaling in cell differentiation, proliferation, and death.